{"id":379,"date":"2018-02-10T06:18:27","date_gmt":"2018-02-10T06:18:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nau.edu\/seses\/?page_id=379"},"modified":"2026-01-09T17:43:44","modified_gmt":"2026-01-09T17:43:44","slug":"past-present-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/past-present-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Past &amp; Present Climate Change"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Past &amp; Present Climate Change<\/h1>\n<p>The climate system is always changing. The atmosphere, oceans, biosphere and frozen Earth are interlinked in feedback loops that both amplify and diminish global change. By studying climate changes, we learn how these feedbacks operate, allowing us to investigate the response of the climate system to factors that cause it to change. By studying climate changes of the past, we can take advantage of the natural experiments that the Earth has already conducted to investigate how ecosystems change with climate. By studying past and recent changes in the carbon reservoirs, we can better identify important carbon-cycle feedbacks and how they might affect future climate. This understanding can be used to test and improve our predictive models. Models that include both natural and human factors will no doubt give more accurate projections.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-219 size-tall-banner-image\" src=\"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/ses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/306\/2018\/01\/stream-transects-960x384.jpg\" alt=\"NAU SES student studying the environment\" width=\"960\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/306\/2018\/01\/stream-transects-960x384.jpg 960w, https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/306\/2018\/01\/stream-transects-465x186.jpg 465w, https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/306\/2018\/01\/stream-transects-1440x576.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Our research into past and present climate change addresses scientific questions including:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>How does the climate system change on decadal to millennial time scales as it responds to natural and anthropogenic forcings?<\/li>\n<li>How can we improve earth-system models, especially models used to foresee the effects of climate change, by using real-world data?<\/li>\n<li>How will the terrestrial biosphere respond to (and influence) future climate and changes in atmospheric CO2\u00a0concentrations?<\/li>\n<li>How can the physical and chemical properties of ice be used to model past climates, and quantify ice-sheet history in polar regions?<\/li>\n<li>How has climate impacted pre-historic and pre-industrial human societies?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>We are developing leading-edge approaches to:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Developing and analyzing major databases of long-term climate to better characterize past changes and to compare with the output of Earth system models to investigate climate-system variability and change.<\/li>\n<li>Creating the next generation reconstructions of long-term climate change from sedimentary records by exploiting new numerical models that encode a process-based understanding of earth-system interactions.<\/li>\n<li>Quantifying the sensitivity of terrestrial biosphere to climate extremes, changing atmospheric CO2\u00a0concentrations, and other environmental drivers.<\/li>\n<li>Evaluating models to identify which features are most important to improve for future carbon cycle and coupled carbon-climate projections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Projects<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Southern Alaska lakes<\/li>\n<li>Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP)<\/li>\n<li>Mega-droughts, Climate Change and the Southwest: Stoneman Lake, Arizona, Paleoenvironments Drilling Project<\/li>\n<li>Quantifying Holocene climate variations through data assimilation using proxies and climate-model simulations<\/li>\n<li>Abrupt change in climate and ecosystems: Where are the tipping points?<\/li>\n<li>The drought-dust nexus in the Four Corners region and impacts on society<\/li>\n<li>The impact of climate on Viking-age societies in the North Atlantic<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/iodp.tamu.edu\/scienceops\/expeditions\/amundsen_sea_ice_sheet_history.html\">IODP Expedition 379: Amundsen Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/spicecore.org\">South Pole Ice Core Paleo-records<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.waisdivide.unh.edu\">West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Core Paleo-records<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Who we are<\/h2>\n<!-- shortcode-tab -->\n<div class='shortcode-tab-container tab-count-3'>\n    <ul class='tabs'>\n                <li class=\"tab\">\n            <a class=\"shortcode-tab__trigger\" href=\"#\" data-header=\"Faculty and research staff_1\">\n                <div class=\"shortcode-tab-header selected\">\n                    <h4>\n                        Faculty and research staff <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Tab Open<\/span>\n                    <\/h4>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n                <li class=\"tab\">\n            <a class=\"shortcode-tab__trigger\" href=\"#\" data-header=\"Research laboratories_2\">\n                <div class=\"shortcode-tab-header \">\n                    <h4>\n                        Research laboratories <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Tab Closed<\/span>\n                    <\/h4>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n                <li class=\"tab\">\n            <a class=\"shortcode-tab__trigger\" href=\"#\" data-header=\"Collaborators_3\">\n                <div class=\"shortcode-tab-header \">\n                    <h4>\n                        Collaborators <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Tab Closed<\/span>\n                    <\/h4>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <!-- shortcode-accordion -->\n<div class=\"shortcode-accordion \" style=\"position: relative;\" >\n        <a class=\"shortcode-accordion__trigger\" data-header=\"Faculty and research staff_1\" href=\"#\">\n      <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__header\">\n          <h4>Faculty and research staff <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Accordion Open<\/span><\/h4>\n          <span class=\"shortcode-accordion__header__arrow\"><\/span>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n    <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__body\">\n        <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/leahpmarshall\">Leah Marshall<\/a> &ndash; paleoclimate, permafrost, carbon cycling<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/johnfegy.weebly.com\/\">John Fegyveresi<\/a> &ndash; paleoclimatology, glaciology, ice-core science<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.nau.edu\/dnh34\/wordpress\/\">Deborah Huntzinger<\/a> &ndash; land-atmosphere carbon dynamics, carbon capture and storage<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/jan.ucc.nau.edu\/~dsk5\/\">Darrell Kaufman<\/a> &ndash; paleoclimate, quaternary geochronology<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/legacy.nau.edu\/mckay\">Nicholas McKay<\/a> &ndash; climate dynamics, paleoclimate<\/li>\n<li>Cody Routson &ndash; extreme hydroclimate events<\/li>\n<li>R. Scott Anderson &ndash;&nbsp;paleoecology, forest history (Emeritus)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n    <\/body><\/html>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n        <!-- shortcode-accordion -->\n<div class=\"shortcode-accordion shortcode-accordion--closed\" style=\"position: relative;\" >\n        <a class=\"shortcode-accordion__trigger\" data-header=\"Research laboratories_2\" href=\"#\">\n      <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__header\">\n          <h4>Research laboratories <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Accordion Closed<\/span><\/h4>\n          <span class=\"shortcode-accordion__header__arrow\"><\/span>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n    <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__body\">\n        <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/geochronology-lab.nau.edu\/\">Amino Acid Geochronology Lab<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n    <\/body><\/html>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n        <!-- shortcode-accordion -->\n<div class=\"shortcode-accordion shortcode-accordion--closed\" style=\"position: relative;\" >\n        <a class=\"shortcode-accordion__trigger\" data-header=\"Collaborators_3\" href=\"#\">\n      <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__header\">\n          <h4>Collaborators <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Accordion Closed<\/span><\/h4>\n          <span class=\"shortcode-accordion__header__arrow\"><\/span>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n    <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__body\">\n        <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body>\n\n<h5>At NAU<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/aceisotopelab\/\">Arizona Climate and Ecosystems Isotope Lab<\/a><br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ecoss.nau.edu\/\">Center for Ecosystem Science and Society<\/a><br>\nColorado Plateau Stable Isotope Lab<br>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www7.nau.edu\/itep\/main\/tcc\/About\/\">ITEP Tribal Climate Change Program<\/a><br>\nUSGS-NAU Macrobotanical Lab<\/p>\n<h5>Outside NAU<\/h5>\n<p>Keck Carbon Cycle AMS Laboratory<br>\nLacCore National Lacustrine Core Facility<br>\nPast Global Changes&nbsp;(PAGES)<br>\nNorth American Carbon Program&nbsp;(NACP)<br>\nAnna Michalak Lab&nbsp;at Carnegie Institution for Sciences<br>\nOak Ridge National Laboratory&nbsp;Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics<br>\nNational Snow and Ice Data Center&nbsp;(NSIDC)<br>\nUS Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)<br>\nNational Science Foundation Ice Core Facility (NSF-ICF)<\/p>\n\n\n    <\/body><\/html>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-214 size-tall-banner-image\" src=\"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/ses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/306\/2018\/01\/kurupa-lake-panorama-960x384.jpg\" alt=\"NAU SES students study climate change and the environment\" width=\"960\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/306\/2018\/01\/kurupa-lake-panorama-960x384.jpg 960w, https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/306\/2018\/01\/kurupa-lake-panorama-465x186.jpg 465w, https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/306\/2018\/01\/kurupa-lake-panorama-1440x576.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>For students<\/h2>\n<!-- shortcode-tab -->\n<div class='shortcode-tab-container tab-count-2'>\n    <ul class='tabs'>\n                <li class=\"tab\">\n            <a class=\"shortcode-tab__trigger\" href=\"#\" data-header=\"Degree programs_1\">\n                <div class=\"shortcode-tab-header selected\">\n                    <h4>\n                        Degree programs <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Tab Open<\/span>\n                    <\/h4>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n                <li class=\"tab\">\n            <a class=\"shortcode-tab__trigger\" href=\"#\" data-header=\"Graduate-level courses_2\">\n                <div class=\"shortcode-tab-header \">\n                    <h4>\n                        Graduate-level courses <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Tab Closed<\/span>\n                    <\/h4>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <!-- shortcode-accordion -->\n<div class=\"shortcode-accordion \" style=\"position: relative;\" >\n        <a class=\"shortcode-accordion__trigger\" data-header=\"Degree programs_1\" href=\"#\">\n      <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__header\">\n          <h4>Degree programs <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Accordion Open<\/span><\/h4>\n          <span class=\"shortcode-accordion__header__arrow\"><\/span>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n    <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__body\">\n        <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Bachelor&rsquo;s of Science (BS) degrees in either&nbsp;Environmental Sciences&nbsp;or&nbsp;Geology<\/li>\n<li>Traditional research- and thesis-based&nbsp;Environmental Sciences and Policy (including the Paleoenvironments emphasis), and&nbsp;Geology Master&rsquo;s of Science&nbsp;(MS) degrees.<\/li>\n<li>Professional Science Master&rsquo;s in Climate Science &amp; Solutions: a course- and internship-based program emphasizing career skills and an interdisciplinary approach to addressing issues related to climate change.<\/li>\n<li>The Climate &amp; Environmental Change emphasis of the&nbsp;PhD in Earth Sciences &amp; Environmental Sustainability&nbsp;is an innovative and flexible interdisciplinary program that integrates an understanding of the Earth system with predictive models to support sustainable management in the face of climate change.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n    <\/body><\/html>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n        <!-- shortcode-accordion -->\n<div class=\"shortcode-accordion shortcode-accordion--closed\" style=\"position: relative;\" >\n        <a class=\"shortcode-accordion__trigger\" data-header=\"Graduate-level courses_2\" href=\"#\">\n      <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__header\">\n          <h4>Graduate-level courses <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Accordion Closed<\/span><\/h4>\n          <span class=\"shortcode-accordion__header__arrow\"><\/span>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n    <div class=\"shortcode-accordion__body\">\n        <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body>\n\n<ul>\n<li>ENV 450\/550 Historical Ecology<\/li>\n<li>ENV 591 Science &amp; Management of Greenhouse Gases<\/li>\n<li>ENV 595 Global Climate Change<\/li>\n<li>ENV 675 Topics in Environmental Discourse<\/li>\n<li>EES 580 Climate Dynamics<\/li>\n<li>EES 680 Earth &amp; Environmental Data Analysis<\/li>\n<li>EES 596 Quaternary Climate Change<\/li>\n<li>GLG 537 Quaternary Geology<\/li>\n<li>GLG 637 Quaternary Geochronology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n    <\/body><\/html>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/p>\n<!-- shortcode-right-column -->\n<div class=\"shortcode-right-column\" >\n    <div class=\"shortcode-right-column__container\"><\/p>\n<p><!-- shortcode-contact -->\n<div class=\"shortcode-contact\">\n    <div class=\"contact-header\">\n        <h3>School of Earth & Sustainability<\/h3>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"contact-body\">\n                <a href=\"mailto:SES.Admin@nau.edu\" aria-label=\"School of Earth & Sustainability: Email Address\" title=\"Email Address\">\n            <div class=\"contact-icon-container\">\n                <i class=\"fas fa-envelope\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span class=\"sr-only\">Email:<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"contact-email\">SES.Admin&#8203;@nau.edu<\/div>\n        <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"tel:928-523-9333\" aria-label=\"School of Earth & Sustainability: Telephone Number\" title=\"Telephone Number\">\n            <div class=\"contact-icon-container\">\n                <i class=\"fas fa-phone\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span class=\"sr-only\">Call:<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"contact-phone\">928-523-9333<\/div>\n        <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Past &amp; Present Climate Change The climate system is always changing. The atmosphere, oceans, biosphere and frozen Earth are interlinked in feedback loops that both amplify and diminish global change. By studying climate changes, we learn how these feedbacks operate, allowing us to investigate the response of the climate system to factors that cause it [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":214,"featured_media":221,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_oasis_is_in_workflow":0,"_oasis_original":0,"_oasis_task_priority":"","ring_central_script_selection":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-379","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/379","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/214"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=379"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7628,"href":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/379\/revisions\/7628"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/school-earth-sustainability\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}