This season\u2019s massive Arizona fires making headlines around the globe have destroyed dozens of structures and burned nearly three-quarters of a million acres.<\/p>\n
They also are contributing to global warming, scientists say, by upsetting the carbon balance while they are burning and for years to come.<\/p>\n
Trees breathe in carbon dioxide, but how long they hold onto it affects the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.<\/p>\n
Charred logs, standing dead tree trunks and decaying branches mark the site of the\u00a01996 Hochderffer Fire, a \u201ccrown fire\u201d that burned hot through 16,000 acres west of the San Francisco Peaks north of Flagstaff.<\/p>\n
Mike Stoddard<\/strong>, a forest ecologist with the Northern Arizona University Ecological Restoration Institute, has been looking for a sign, any sign, of ponderosa pine seedlings 15 years after the fire.<\/p>\n \u201cThese large fires are devastating our forests,\u201d Stoddard said. \u201cWe\u2019re concerned that ponderosa pine is not regenerating after these wildfire events.\u201d<\/p>\n Crown fires burn into the canopies and treetops or crowns of the trees\u2014massive, intense crown fires, such as the Wallow Fire in eastern Arizona, are not natural in the ponderosa pine forest. Naturally occurring ponderosa pine fires burn along the ground, or base, of the trees.<\/p>\n Scientists also are concerned about the invisible impacts of crown fires.<\/p>\n In a study conducted from 2001 to 2007, forest ecologist\u00a0Matthew Hurteau\u00a0<\/strong>with NAU\u2019s School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability found that the nation\u2019s wildfire emissions were the equivalent of 4 percent to 6 percent of all emissions from burning coal, oil and natural gas. The percentage of lingering emissions is even greater.<\/p>\n \u201cWe\u2019re looking to forests to take in carbon, thereby lowering the greenhouse gases. But at a site like the Hochderffer Fire, the grassy vegetation that\u2019s growing in is not making up for the amount of carbon that\u2019s being released from the dead trees,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n Across Arizona Highway 180, the story is much the same. NAU forestry professor\u00a0Tom Kolb\u00a0<\/strong>is calculating the amount of carbon dioxide moving between the land and the air at the site of the Horseshoe Fire. This 8,000-acre crown fire also burned in 1996.<\/p>\n \u201cThe fire has had a long-term legacy effect on the capacity of this site to take in and store carbon dioxide,\u201d Kolb said. \u201cThis site has gone from being a carbon sink, where carbon was being stored, to a carbon source, where carbon is being released.\u201d<\/p>\n With carbon making up about half the dry weight of a tree, researchers say overstocked ponderosa pine thickets can store a lot of carbon, at least for a while.<\/p>\n \u201cStoring carbon in lots of little trees in a dense forest is like investing your retirement funds in junk bonds. It\u2019s risky,\u201d Hurteau said. \u201cOur research has shown that if we reduce the amount of trees per acre and return ground fire to the system to manage those surface fuels, the carbon left in the live trees is much more stable because it\u2019s less vulnerable to crown fire.\u201d<\/p>\n Carbon flux research south of Flagstaff where excess small diameter ponderosas have been removed shows the remaining trees have become more vigorous.<\/p>\n \u201cThey photosynthesize at a much greater rate than the trees in the un-thinned situation,\u201d Kolb said. \u201cThe thinned forest has an equal to or slighter greater rate of carbon sequestration than an un-thinned forest.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"