Literature cited

Arizona Game and Fish Department. 2009. Thamnophis rufipunctatus. Unpublished abstract compiled and edited by the Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. 7 pp.

Arizona Game and Fish Department. 2011a. Arizona reptile and amphibian regulations: 2011 and 2012. 17 pp. Accessed 18 July 2012. http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/regulations/ReptileAmphibian.pdf.

Arizona Game and Fish Department. 2011b. Thamnophis eques megalops. Unpublished abstract compiled and edited by the Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. 7 pp.

Blackburn, D. G., and R. L. Lorenz. 2003. Placentation in garter snakes. II. Transmission EM of the chorioallantoic placenta of Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis. Journal of Morphology 256: 171–186.

Boyarski, V. L., M. E. Young, and T. B. Cotten. 2015. Home range and habitat use of northern Mexican gartersnakes (Thamnophis eques megalops) in a highly modified habitat. Unpublished Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Technical Report 291. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.

Brennan, T. C., and A. T. Holycross. 2006. A field guide to amphibians and reptiles in Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.

Brennan, T. C., and P. C. Rosen. 2009. Report on narrow-headed gartersnake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) surveys at Oak Creek at Oak Creek and the Black River, Arizona. Unpublished report to Arizona Game and Fish Department.

Camper, J. D., and J. R. Dixon. 1988. Evaluation of a microchip system for amphibians and reptiles. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Research Publication 7100-159: 1-22.

Cotten, T. B., J. D. Miller, and D. D. Grandmaison. 2013. Thamnophis eques (Mexican gartersnake). Geographic distribution. Herpetological Review 44(1): 111.

Crother, B. I., J. Boundy, F. T. Burbrink, and J. A. Campbell. 2008. Squamata: Snakes. pp. 46–65 In B.I. Crother, ed. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico. SSAR Herpetological Circular 37.

Degenhardt, W. G., C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price. 1996. Amphibians and Reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 504 pp.

De Queiroz, A. 2003. Testing an adaptive hypothesis through context-dependence: effects of water depth on foraging behavior in three species of gartersnakes. Ethology 109:369-384.

Drost, C. A., and E. M. Nowak. 1998. Inventory and assessment of amphibian and reptile communities at Montezuma Castle National Monument. Technical report. U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Plateau Field Station, Flagstaff, AZ.

Emmons, I., E. M. Nowak, and M. Liszewski. 2011. Prescott National Forest riparian herpetofauna surveys in 2010. Unpublished final report to US Forest Service (Prescott National Forest).

Emmons, I. D., and E. M. Nowak. 2012. Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Narrow-headed gartersnake). Distribution. Herpetological Review 43(2): 310.

Emmons I. D., and E. M. Nowak. 2016. Monitoring surveys and radio telemetry of northern Mexican gartersnakes (Thamnophis eques megalops) in the Verde Valley, Arizona. Final Report to Arizona Game and Fish Department Heritage Fund IIAPM Program in fulfilment of grant # I12028. Colorado Plateau Research Station, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.

Emmons, I. D., E. M. Nowak, and K. Lauger. 2016a. Prey availability and foraging events of the northern Mexican gartersnake (Thamnophis eques megalops) in north-central Arizona. Herpetological Review 47(3):485–486.

Emmons, I. D., E. M. Nowak, and T. C. Theimer. 2016b. Thamnophis eques megalops (northern Mexican gartersnake). Predation. Herpetological Review 47:485-486.

Etzel, K. E. 2010. Prey delivery at Common Black-Hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus) nests and the importance of exotic crayfish. Unpublished MS thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.

Fagerstone, K.A., and B.E. Johns. 1987. Transponders as permanent identification markers for domestic ferrets, black-footed ferrets, and other wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Management 51: 294-297.

Fellers, G. M., and C. A. Drost. 1994. Sampling with artificial cover. In Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians, edited by W. R. Heyer, M. A. Donnelly, R. W. McDiarmid, L. C. Hayek, and M. S. Foster, pp. 146-150. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.

Fitch, H. S. 1986. Collecting and life-history techniques. Chapter 5 In R.A. Seigel, J.T. Collins, and S.S. Novak, eds. Snakes: Ecology and evolutionary biology. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, New York.

Fowlie, J. A. 1965. Thamnophis rufipunctatus Cope, Spotted garter snake. pp. 125-126 In The Snakes of Arizona. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, New York: 164 pp.

García, C. M., and H. Drummond. 1988. Seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of the Mexican garter snake, Thamnophis eques, in Lake Tecocomulco, Hidalgo. Journal of Herpetology 22:129–134.

Hibbitts, T. J., and L. A. Fitzgerald. 2005. Morphological and ecological convergence in two natricine snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 363-371.

Hibbitts, T. J., C. W. Painter, and A. T. Holycross. 2009. Ecology of a population of the narrow-headed garter snake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) in New Mexico: catastrophic decline of a river specialist. The Southwestern Naturalist 54:461–467.

Holycross, A. T., W. P. Burger, E. J. Nigro, and T. C. Brennan. 2006. Surveys for Thamnophis eques and Thamnophis rufipunctatus in the Gila River Watershed of Arizona and New Mexico. Final report to Arizona Game and Fish Department.

Jennings, R. D., and B. L. Christman. 2010. Pre-monsoonal and post-monsoonal habitat use of the Narrow-headed Gartersnake, Thamnophis rufipunctatus, along the Tularosa River. Unpublished final report to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Share With Wildlife, in fulfillment of State Wildlife Grant T-32-P2, 15.

Keck, M. B. 1994. Test for detrimental effects of PIT tags in neonatal snakes. Copeia 1994: 226-228.

Mackenzie, D. I., and J. A. Royle. 2005. Designing occupancy studies: general advice and allocating survey effort. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 1105–1114.

Macías-García, C. and H. Drummond. 1998. Seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of the Mexican Garter Snake, Thamnophis eques, in Lake Tecocomulco, Hidalgo. Journal of Herpetology 22: 129-134.

Nowak, E. M. 2006. Monitoring surveys and radio-telemetry of narrow-headed gartersnakes (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) in Oak Creek, Arizona. Unpublished report to Arizona Game and Fish Department, State Wildlife Grant, “Narrow-headed Gartersnake Planning.”

Nowak, E. M., and V. L. Boyarski. 2012. Thamnophis eques megalops (Northern Mexican Gartersnake). Reproduction: litter size. Herpetological Review 43(2): 351-352.

Nowak, E. M., and T. B. Persons. 2010. Milksnakes at Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona: Implications for monitoring rare vertebrates. pp. 133-150 In C. van Riper III, B.F. Wakeling, and T.D. Sisk, editors. The Colorado Plateau IV: Shaping conservation through science and management. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.

Nowak, E. M. and M. A. Santana-Bendix. 2002. Status, distribution, and management recommendations for the narrow-headed garter snake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) in Oak Creek, Arizona. Unpublished final report to Arizona Game and Fish Department in fulfillment of Heritage Grant I99007. USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Colorado Plateau Field Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.

Persons, T. B., and E. M. Nowak. 2002. Inventory of amphibians and reptiles in southern Colorado Plateau national parks. U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station Open File Report 2006-1132, 186 p.

Rosen, P. C., and C. R. Schwalbe. 1988. Status of the Mexican and narrow-headed garter snakes (Thamnophis eques megalops and Thamnophis rufipunctatus rufipunctatus) in Arizona. Unpublished report from Arizona Game and Fish Department (Phoenix, Arizona) to US Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico).

Rosen, P. C., and C. R. Schwalbe. 2002. Widespread effects of introduced species on aquatic reptiles and amphibians in the Sonoran Desert region. pp. 220-240 In B. Tellman, ed. Invasive exotic species in the Sonoran region. University of Arizona Press and the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona.

Rossman, D. A., N. B. Ford, and R. A. Seigel. 1996a. Thamnophis rufipunctatus, Narrow-headed garter snake. pp. 241-248 In The garter snakes: Evolution and ecology. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma, USA.

Rossman, D. A., N. B. Ford, and R. A. Seigel. 1996b. Thamnophis eques, Mexican garter snake. pp. 171-177 In The garter snakes: Evolution and ecology. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma, USA.

Sullivan, K. O., J. D. Miller, T. B. Cotten, D. J. Leavitt, E. R. Grabowsky, R. Peck, and A. Wilhelm. 2016. Thamnophis eques (Mexican Gartersnake). Geographic Distribution. Herpetological Review 47 (1): 84-85.

Swann, D. E. 1999. Evaluating approaches for monitoring terrestrial vertebrates in U.S. National Parks: An example from Tonto National Monument, Arizona. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

Tanner, W. 1990. Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Cope). Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Reptiles and Amphibians. pp. 505:1-2.

Thompson, M. B., and B. K. Speak. 2003. Energy and nutrient utilisation by embryonic reptiles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 133: 529–538.

USDA Forest Service. 2007. USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region Sensitive Animals. September 21, 2007 version. USFS_R3_sensitive_animals.xls.

US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2013. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Northern Mexican Gartersnake and Narrow-Headed Gartersnake; Proposed Rule. 50 CFR 17. Federal Register 78 (132) July 9, 2013: 41550–41608.

US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2014. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Status for the Northern Mexican Gartersnake and Narrow-Headed Gartersnake; Final Rule. 50 CFR 17. Federal Register 79 (130) July 8, 2014: 38678–38746.

Winne, C. T., J. D. Willson, K. M. Andrews, and R. N. Reed. 2006. Efficacy of marking snakes with disposable medical cautery units. Herpetological Review 37(1): 52–54.

Wood, D. A., A. G. Vandergast, J. A. Lemos Espinal, R. N. Fisher, and A. T. Holycross. 2011. Refugial isolation and divergence in the Narrowheaded Gartersnake species complex (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) as revealed by multilocus DNA sequence data. Molecular Ecology 20: 3856-3878.

Young, M., and V. L. Boyarski. 2012. Thamnophis eques megalops (Northern Mexican Gartersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 43: 498.